Gwynne Anthony 2020

ART506 Dissertation 2019. Anthony Gwynne . 25 L2B: Conservation of fuel and power in existing buildings other than dwellings (2014 edition with 2016 amendments); Domestic Buildings Services Compliance Guide (2013 edition); M: Access to and use of buildings (2004 edition with 2010 amendments); N: Glazing- safety in relation to impact, opening and cleaning (1998 edition with 2000 & 2010 amendments); P: Electrical safety (2006 edition with 2020 amendments); Q: Security in dwellings (2018 edition); R: Physical infrastructure for high – speed electronic communications networks (2016 edition); Regulation 7: Materials and workmanship (2013 edition). 3.3.2 Principles of modern construction In 1793, John Smeaton discovered a method for producing hydraulic lime for the use of cement. He used limestone containing clay that was fired until it turned into clinker, which was then ground into powder. This was mixed with sand and used as mortar for the construction of brick and stone walls. He used this material in the historic rebuilding of the Eddystone Lighthouse in Cornwall, England (www.giatecscientific.com) . In 1824, Joseph Aspdin invented Portland cement which replaced hydraulic lime and was produced by burning finely ground chalk and clay until the carbon dioxide was removed. Aspdin named the cement after the high-quality building stones quarried in Portland, England. In the 19th Century Portland cement was used to produce concrete for industrial buildings and mortar for the construction of homes (www.giatecscientific.com) . In 1875, the Public Health Act introduced the requirement for damp proof courses to be provided in walls (www.marshallsgroup.com ). In 1916, the UK Government created the Department of Industry and Scientific Research (DISR) to investigate materials research and by 1917 were established enough to create a sub-body called the Buildings Materials Research Committee (BMRC). After the first world war there was a shortage of building materials and skilled