4 insulation was installed so badly that water could enter where awkward details were not resolved, particularly at eaves level and became trapped. Nearly a third (29%) of the homes that were given internal insulation were also found to need fixing. The requirement for Environmental Performance Certificates has also encouraged the use of retrofit measures which, in the absence of adequate training, has led to the inappropriate use of insulation in solid external walls and timber roofs and a reduction in the ventilation of many older buildings. Traditionally constructed buildings with solid external walls are particularly vulnerable because they rely on the physical characteristics of the wall to remain dry. This includes the natural evaporation at the surface, the wicking effect of the substrate and the depth of the wall. Any changes which increase the rate that wind-driven rain is absorbed or which prevents its evaporation can tip the balance, allowing the wall to become steadily more damp, reducing its natural insulation values and conducting heat out through the wall. Simple good maintenance and repairs using appropriate measures would improve the thermal performance of traditional fabric, but these are often overlooked in standard retrofits. Where insulation is placed on inner surfaces, whether in roofs or walls, structures beyond the insulation become colder, inviting condensation. Masonry materials may be exposed to freeze-thaw cycles, while in roofs changes in condensation often lead to surfaces covered in mould. Getting the right level of insulation in place is an exact science and what is suitable in one building may be unsuitable in another. Adaptation and change In each of the UK’s home nations, heritage protection legislation recognises that listed buildings are best kept in use and cared for. None are so precious that they cannot be adapted to some degree to accommodate variations in use or improvements to make them more usable, but understanding what alterations are possible requires a particular skillset. Small changes which affect just part of a building or place are often given little thought, and over the years they accumulate until the significance of the asset is only recognisable to heritage specialists. Having trained conservation officers in local authorities is essential, not only to help owners and their consultants recognise the potential of our nations’ rich heritage of architecture and place, but also to prevent these incremental changes from snowballing. Whether the proposal is for a change in detail or for a major adaptation, the challenge lies in finding a design solution that meets the needs of the owner or the occupants in a way that has least impact on the character and significance of the building. If done well, new additions which respect the character and significance of a heritage asset can make a positive contribution, bringing new life and interest to the building or place. There is no standard formula; each heritage asset will come with its own unique challenges and opportunities. Realising these opportunities to exploit the full potential of a heritage asset requires skilled and experienced heritage professionals, including conservation-accredited architects and building surveyors, often working as part of a multi-disciplinary team which includes everyone involved, from the stonemason to the client. Homes account for around a quarter of the UK's energy consumption, mostly in heating and hot water.
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